Cell Cycle and Division Quiz & Flashcards

DNA replication occurs in the S phase, while other phases involve growth and division.

During metaphase, chromosomes align along the metaphase plate for even distribution.

Cyclins regulate the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs).

Cells that fail the G1 checkpoint often undergo arrest to prevent DNA synthesis with errors.

Crossing over during prophase I of meiosis leads to genetic recombination and variation.

The G2 checkpoint verifies that DNA has been accurately replicated before mitosis begins.

Tumor suppressor genes inhibit excessive cell division and can initiate cell death if needed.

The spindle assembly checkpoint confirms that chromosomes are correctly attached to spindles before separation.

Bypassing controls can lead to unchecked cell division, often resulting in cancer.

Apoptosis eliminates cells with irreparable damage, preventing propagation of errors.

In anaphase, sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.

Rb protein regulates the G1 checkpoint by inhibiting transcription factors necessary for S phase.

Mitotic nondisjunction results in cells with abnormal chromosome numbers, leading to aneuploidy.

Telomerase extends telomeres, allowing cells to divide more times than they normally would.

Spindle fibers align and separate chromosomes evenly between daughter cells during mitosis.

Cohesins keep sister chromatids joined until they are separated during mitosis.

In G0, cells exit the cycle and function without dividing, important for non-proliferative tissues.

p53 is a critical tumor suppressor that regulates cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in response to DNA damage.

Growth factors bind to receptors that trigger pathways promoting cell cycle progression and division.

A faulty spindle assembly checkpoint can lead to improper chromosome segregation, causing genetic anomalies.

In telophase, the nuclear envelope reassembles around the separated chromosomes, marking the end of mitosis.

Kinetochores are structures on chromosomes that attach to spindle fibers, crucial for chromosome movement.

Independent assortment leads to genetic diversity by randomly distributing chromosomes into gametes.

Environmental factors like nutrients and signals can determine if a cell progresses past the G1 phase.

The M phase checkpoint ensures all chromosomes are properly attached to spindle fibers before anaphase.

If DNA damage is found, the cell may halt the cycle to repair the damage before entering mitosis.

Mitosis results in two identical diploid cells, while meiosis produces four non-identical haploid cells.

Mutations in oncogenes can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and division, often resulting in cancer.

During anaphase, sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.

CDKs, when activated by cyclins, phosphorylate target proteins to drive the cell cycle forward.

Cytokinesis involves the division of the cytoplasm, resulting in two separate daughter cells.

Checkpoints help maintain genetic integrity by preventing the progression of damaged cells.

A defective p53 gene can lead to increased cancer risk due to unchecked cell division and impaired apoptosis.

The G2 phase prepares the cell for mitosis, ensuring all necessary components are ready for division.

Factors like nutrients and growth signals can influence cell cycle entry and progression.

Cells in G0 exit the regular division cycle and perform specialized functions without dividing.

Checkpoint failure implies progression despite DNA damage, leading to potential mutations and cancer risk.

Crossing over results in genetic recombination, increasing genetic diversity among offspring.

The nuclear envelope encloses and protects genetic material, disassembling during division to allow chromosome separation.

Malfunctioning apoptosis can lead to unchecked cell growth, potentially resulting in tumor formation.

Telomeres protect the ends of chromosomes from deterioration or fusion with other chromosomes.

The G1 checkpoint integrates environmental signals to assess readiness for DNA replication.

A defective spindle apparatus can cause improper chromosome segregation, leading to aneuploidy.

The G1 phase focuses on cell growth and preparation for DNA replication in the next phase.

Cytokinesis is the process that divides the cytoplasm, completing the cell division cycle.