Metabolism Quiz & Flashcards

Catabolic pathways break down molecules to release energy, while anabolic pathways build molecules.

Oxidative phosphorylation produces the most ATP through the electron transport chain.

Enzymes lower the activation energy, facilitating faster reactions without being consumed.

NADH acts as an electron carrier, transferring electrons to the electron transport chain.

The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, where it generates energy carriers.

Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, yielding ATP and NADH.

Oxygen is not produced in the Krebs cycle; it acts as the final electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation.

Oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, allowing for ATP production.

Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by promoting the uptake of glucose into cells.

The liver regulates glucose levels and processes various metabolites for energy and detoxification.

Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen, producing energy through pathways like fermentation.

ATP is the primary energy currency, providing energy for various cellular processes.

Anabolic pathways require energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones.

A competitive inhibitor competes with the substrate for the active site, reducing enzyme activity.

The electron transport chain produces ATP by transferring electrons and creating a proton gradient.

Acetyl-CoA is the starting molecule that enters the Krebs cycle for energy production.

High levels of ATP inhibit glycolysis by providing feedback to slow down energy production.

Metabolism occurs continuously, not just during eating, encompassing all cellular reactions.

Gluconeogenesis synthesizes glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors, mainly in the liver.

Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane as part of cellular respiration.

FAD acts as an electron carrier in redox reactions, similar to NADH in metabolism.

In anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to lactate in human cells.

Excess dietary protein is converted to glucose or fat for storage or used for energy.

Beta-oxidation is the process of breaking down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA for energy.

The Cori cycle involves converting lactate produced in muscles back to glucose in the liver.

Glucagon raises blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver.

Metabolic rate refers to the rate at which the body expends energy to maintain life processes.

Thyroid hormones increase basal metabolic rate by stimulating energy consumption in cells.

The pentose phosphate pathway produces NADPH for anabolic reactions and ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis.

Lactic acid fermentation involves converting pyruvate to lactate under anaerobic conditions.

ATP synthase synthesizes ATP by using the proton gradient generated by the electron transport chain.

Fasting increases fat oxidation to provide energy, conserving glucose for crucial functions.

Metabolic flexibility allows the body to efficiently switch between different energy sources based on availability.

Coenzymes assist enzymes by serving as carriers for chemical groups or electrons in metabolic reactions.

Carnitine transports fatty acids into mitochondria, where they undergo beta-oxidation for energy production.

Riboflavin is a component of FAD, which is crucial for redox reactions in metabolism.

Substrate-level phosphorylation is the direct formation of ATP by transferring a phosphate group to ADP during a reaction.

Pyruvate dehydrogenase converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, linking glycolysis to the Krebs cycle.

Ammonia is converted to urea in the liver, then excreted by the kidneys to prevent toxicity.

Alcohol affects glucose and lipid metabolism, mainly processed in the liver, impacting energy balance and storage.

Metabolic acidosis is a condition where there is an excess of acid in the body due to metabolic processes.

The pentose phosphate pathway produces NADPH for reductive biosynthesis and ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis.

Glucose-6-phosphate is a key molecule in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the pentose phosphate pathway.

Excess glucose is converted to glycogen or fat for storage to maintain energy balance.

Hexokinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate, the first step of glycolysis.

Creatine phosphate provides a rapid source of ATP during short bursts of high-intensity exercise.

During prolonged fasting, the body increases fat oxidation and ketone body production to conserve glucose.

Anabolism involves the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy.

Lactic acid fermentation is part of anaerobic respiration, converting pyruvate to lactate in muscles.

Thyroid hormones increase basal metabolic rate, stimulating energy consumption in cells.

High levels of NADH inhibit the Krebs cycle by providing feedback to slow down further production of energy carriers.

Beta-oxidation is the process that converts fatty acids into acetyl-CoA for entry into the Krebs cycle.

Creatine phosphate provides a rapid source of ATP for intense, short-duration exercise.

Excess ammonia is converted to urea in the liver and excreted by the kidneys to prevent toxicity.

Oxidative phosphorylation synthesizes ATP using the electron transport chain and a proton gradient.